Red Monsters Rewrite Early Universe Theories

The James Webb Space Telescope has uncovered three colossal 'red monster' galaxies, each boasting nearly 100 billion solar masses and forming within the first billion years after the Big Bang. These giants converted up to 80% of their gas into stars—four times the typical efficiency. Detected via JWST’s NIRCam in the FRESCO survey, they challenge current galaxy formation models. Astronomers are now curious what cosmic magic fueled such rapid growth, with future JWST and ALMA missions set to reveal more.